The DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) attack was a significant event in the history of blockchain and Ethereum. The DAO was a smart contract-based investment fund on the Ethereum platform. It aimed to provide a decentralized system for making investment decisions and distributing profits among its members. In June 2016, an attacker exploited a vulnerability in the smart contract code of the DAO, allowing them to drain a significant amount of Ether (ETH) from the organization. The attack was possible due to an issue with the smart contract's recursive "splitDAO" function, which allowed the attacker to repeatedly request refunds while still retaining the DAO tokens. As a result of the exploit, approximately one-third of the total Ether invested in the DAO, equivalent to over $50 million at the time, was stolen. This event highlighted the importance of conducting thorough audits and testing of smart contract code before deploying it on the blockchain. The Ethereum community faced a dilemma on how to respond to the attack. Eventually, a hard fork of the Ethereum blockchain was implemented, leading to the creation of Ethereum and Ethereum Classic. The hard fork was a controversial decision, with some arguing that it undermined the immutability and decentralization principles of blockchain technology. The DAO attack served as a wake-up call for the blockchain community and led to increased scrutiny of smart contract security practices. It highlighted the need for better auditing processes and the importance of formal verification methods to identify and rectify potential vulnerabilities in smart contract code. Ask more: - How did the Ethereum community respond to the DAO attack? - What were the key lessons learned from the DAO attack? - How did the DAO attack impact the development of smart contract security practices? References: 1. [2020-1618.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/9c56868f-75dc-4e81-841e-1d6ab28da1e9-6y0e2l.pdf) 2. [SolidityCheck Quickly Detecting Smart Contract Problems Through Regular Expressions.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/4db4ab5e-ad4b-48ad-a7ae-d7191d53f725-105ikl.pdf) 3. [2021-370 (1).pdf](https://utfs.io/f/76047d10-e40a-4acf-b218-f068119f9476-m6v5no.pdf) 4. [https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1057.md](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1057.md) 5. [DClaims A Censorship Resistant Web Annotations System using IPFS and Ethereum.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/182d4c66-6a15-4a5a-b73f-7bc9be51c3f6-frm7nk.pdf)
The DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) attack was a significant event in the history of blockchain and Ethereum. The DAO was a smart contract-based investment fund on the Ethereum platform. It aimed to provide a decentralized system for making investment decisions and distributing profits among its members. In June 2016, an attacker exploited a vulnerability in the smart contract code of the DAO, allowing them to drain a significant amount of Ether (ETH) from the organization. The attack was possible due to an issue with the smart contract's recursive "splitDAO" function, which allowed the attacker to repeatedly request refunds while still retaining the DAO tokens. As a result of the exploit, approximately one-third of the total Ether invested in the DAO, equivalent to over $50 million at the time, was stolen. This event highlighted the importance of conducting thorough audits and testing of smart contract code before deploying it on the blockchain. The Ethereum community faced a dilemma on how to respond to the attack. Eventually, a hard fork of the Ethereum blockchain was implemented, leading to the creation of Ethereum and Ethereum Classic. The hard fork was a controversial decision, with some arguing that it undermined the immutability and decentralization principles of blockchain technology. The DAO attack served as a wake-up call for the blockchain community and led to increased scrutiny of smart contract security practices. It highlighted the need for better auditing processes and the importance of formal verification methods to identify and rectify potential vulnerabilities in smart contract code. Ask more: - How did the Ethereum community respond to the DAO attack? - What were the key lessons learned from the DAO attack? - How did the DAO attack impact the development of smart contract security practices? References: 1. [2020-1618.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/9c56868f-75dc-4e81-841e-1d6ab28da1e9-6y0e2l.pdf) 2. [SolidityCheck Quickly Detecting Smart Contract Problems Through Regular Expressions.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/4db4ab5e-ad4b-48ad-a7ae-d7191d53f725-105ikl.pdf) 3. [2021-370 (1).pdf](https://utfs.io/f/76047d10-e40a-4acf-b218-f068119f9476-m6v5no.pdf) 4. [https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1057.md](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1057.md) 5. [DClaims A Censorship Resistant Web Annotations System using IPFS and Ethereum.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/182d4c66-6a15-4a5a-b73f-7bc9be51c3f6-frm7nk.pdf)
Ethereum's contribution to global warming is a topic of concern due to its energy consumption. Traditionally, Ethereum utilized a proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism, similar to Bitcoin, which required significant computational power and consequently consumed a substantial amount of energy [8]. This energy consumption led to carbon emissions and an impact on global energy consumption [10]. However, Ethereum has been undergoing a transition from PoW to a more energy-efficient consensus mechanism called proof-of-stake (PoS) [8]. In the PoS system, validators secure the network by locking up their Ether (ETH) holdings as collateral rather than solving complex mathematical problems to mine new blocks [47]. As a result, Ethereum's energy consumption is expected to decrease significantly, making it a greener blockchain compared to PoW-based networks like Bitcoin [16]. It's worth noting that the impact Ethereum has on global energy consumption and climate change may be limited, as the computers previously used for mining Ether can now be repurposed for mining other energy-intensive cryptocurrencies [10]. However, the transition to PoS is a step towards mitigating Ethereum's environmental impact. To put Ethereum's energy consumption into perspective, the estimated yearly electricity consumption for the Ethereum network is approximately 0.0026 TWh, corresponding to yearly carbon emissions of 870 tonnes CO2e [2]. These figures are subject to change as nodes enter and leave the network [2]. Nonetheless, when comparing these estimates to other industries, Ethereum's energy consumption appears relatively modest [2]. Ask more: - How does proof-of-stake (PoS) work in Ethereum? - Are there any other initiatives in the cryptocurrency space to address energy consumption and environmental concerns? - Can you explain the difference between proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms? References: 1. [Ethereum on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum) 2. [Ethereum Energy Consumption](https://ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/) 3. [The Investor's Guide to the Merge: Understanding and Playing the Opportunity](https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity) 4. [Tapscott, Tapscott (2016) Ethereum on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum#CITEREFTapscottTapscott2016) 5. Clark, Aaron (6 December 2022) "Ethereum's Energy Revamp Is No Guarantee of Global Climate Gains"
Ethereum's contribution to global warming is a topic of concern due to its energy consumption. Traditionally, Ethereum utilized a proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism, similar to Bitcoin, which required significant computational power and consequently consumed a substantial amount of energy [8]. This energy consumption led to carbon emissions and an impact on global energy consumption [10]. However, Ethereum has been undergoing a transition from PoW to a more energy-efficient consensus mechanism called proof-of-stake (PoS) [8]. In the PoS system, validators secure the network by locking up their Ether (ETH) holdings as collateral rather than solving complex mathematical problems to mine new blocks [47]. As a result, Ethereum's energy consumption is expected to decrease significantly, making it a greener blockchain compared to PoW-based networks like Bitcoin [16]. It's worth noting that the impact Ethereum has on global energy consumption and climate change may be limited, as the computers previously used for mining Ether can now be repurposed for mining other energy-intensive cryptocurrencies [10]. However, the transition to PoS is a step towards mitigating Ethereum's environmental impact. To put Ethereum's energy consumption into perspective, the estimated yearly electricity consumption for the Ethereum network is approximately 0.0026 TWh, corresponding to yearly carbon emissions of 870 tonnes CO2e [2]. These figures are subject to change as nodes enter and leave the network [2]. Nonetheless, when comparing these estimates to other industries, Ethereum's energy consumption appears relatively modest [2]. Ask more: - How does proof-of-stake (PoS) work in Ethereum? - Are there any other initiatives in the cryptocurrency space to address energy consumption and environmental concerns? - Can you explain the difference between proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms? References: 1. [Ethereum on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum) 2. [Ethereum Energy Consumption](https://ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/) 3. [The Investor's Guide to the Merge: Understanding and Playing the Opportunity](https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity) 4. [Tapscott, Tapscott (2016) Ethereum on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum#CITEREFTapscottTapscott2016) 5. Clark, Aaron (6 December 2022) "Ethereum's Energy Revamp Is No Guarantee of Global Climate Gains"
Restaking can help with relayer diversity by incentivizing different entities to become relayers and participate in the network. Restaking involves staking a certain amount of ETH as collateral to participate in the relay network. This collateral acts as a form of commitment and provides assurance that the relayer is trustworthy and has a stake in the proper functioning of the network. By requiring relayers to stake ETH, it discourages malicious behavior, as any misconduct or malicious actions can result in the relayer losing their staked ETH. This creates accountability and ensures that relayers have a vested interest in maintaining the integrity of the network. Additionally, the staked ETH can be used as a reward for relayers who perform their tasks diligently and contribute positively to the network. Furthermore, restaking encourages a diverse set of relayers to join the network. With different entities participating as relayers, there is a reduced risk of centralization and collusion. It promotes competition and innovation as relayers strive to offer better services to attract users and potentially earn more rewards. Overall, restaking introduces economic incentives that can drive the participation of diverse relayers in the network, leading to improved decentralization, security, and resilience. Ask more: - How does restaking affect the network's security and reliability? - What are the potential challenges or drawbacks of restaking in terms of relayer diversity? - Are there any mechanisms or protocols in place to ensure a fair distribution of staked ETH among relayers? References: 1. [ethereum.org](https://ethereum.org) 2. [ethresear.ch](https://ethresear.ch)
Restaking can help with relayer diversity by incentivizing different entities to become relayers and participate in the network. Restaking involves staking a certain amount of ETH as collateral to participate in the relay network. This collateral acts as a form of commitment and provides assurance that the relayer is trustworthy and has a stake in the proper functioning of the network. By requiring relayers to stake ETH, it discourages malicious behavior, as any misconduct or malicious actions can result in the relayer losing their staked ETH. This creates accountability and ensures that relayers have a vested interest in maintaining the integrity of the network. Additionally, the staked ETH can be used as a reward for relayers who perform their tasks diligently and contribute positively to the network. Furthermore, restaking encourages a diverse set of relayers to join the network. With different entities participating as relayers, there is a reduced risk of centralization and collusion. It promotes competition and innovation as relayers strive to offer better services to attract users and potentially earn more rewards. Overall, restaking introduces economic incentives that can drive the participation of diverse relayers in the network, leading to improved decentralization, security, and resilience. Ask more: - How does restaking affect the network's security and reliability? - What are the potential challenges or drawbacks of restaking in terms of relayer diversity? - Are there any mechanisms or protocols in place to ensure a fair distribution of staked ETH among relayers? References: 1. [ethereum.org](https://ethereum.org) 2. [ethresear.ch](https://ethresear.ch)
Arithmetization schemes are mathematical techniques used to convert computations into algebraic equations. Here are a few arithmetization schemes and how they differ: 1. Kate commitments: PLONK (Permutation Argument of Knowledge) uses "Kate commitments" as its arithmetization scheme. It is based on a trusted setup and elliptic curve pairings. However, PLONK also allows for the use of other schemes, such as FRI (Fast Reed-Solomon Interactive Oracle Proof) or DARK (Distributed Anonymous Random Keys) which are based on different mathematical concepts. This flexibility means that PLONK can achieve different tradeoffs between proof size and security assumptions[2]. 2. Algebraic Intermediate Representation (AIR): StarkWare employs an arithmetization scheme known as Algebraic Intermediate Representation (AIR). AIR is also similar to a notion called PlonKish arithmetization. The ability to use AIR and PlonK enables StarkWare and other backends to support a wider range of computations and reduce the overhead of frontends that produce those representations[7]. It's important to note that each arithmetization scheme has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of scheme depends on the specific requirements of the use case or the preferences of the developers involved. Ask more: - How does PLONK achieve its theoretical compatibility with different tradeoffs? - Can you explain how the arithmetization process works in PLONK? - What are the security assumptions involved in different arithmetization schemes? References: 1. [PLONK - A Simple Explanation](https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html) 2. [PLONK - A Simple Explanation](https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html) 3. [Measuring SNARK Performance: Frontends, Backends, and the Future](https://a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/measuring-snark-performance-frontends-backends-and-the-future/) 4. [STARKs, part 3: STARKs vs. SNARKs, Scalability and Applications](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/07/21/starks_part_3.html)
[https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity,https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity] (26) The introduction of a staking-yield allows traditional financial practitioners to fit Ethereum into their discounted cash flow models Yields have a direct impact on any estimated price target Multiple attempts have been made at putting together these sorts of models, outputting a wide range of prices from $3,000 to $300,000 per token We built our own model here coming out with a range of valuations with a base case of ~$6,000 [https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q2-2023,https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q2-2023] (39) Staking Yield The rate of PoS reward issuance usually depends on the percent of supply staked and/or the number of validators Networks rely on different equations to set the relationships that determine where the inflation rate, staking yield, and percent of supply staked will settle Tokens with low inflation like BNB, ETH, and STX allow holders to freely use the token without being penalized by opportunity costs for not staking, hence the lower stake rates On the other hand, tokens with higher inflation rates optimize for higher stake rates [https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity,https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity] (25) We tested our assumptions with Ethereum researchers and key Ethereum community members, but we have the model here if you want to adjust it with your own parameters This yield profile becomes attractive for all crypto investors Since Ethereum blockspace has historically been the most valuable among smart contract networks, its staking yield could come to be seen as crypto’s “risk-free rate” akin to US treasury yields DeFi protocols are already starting to build out this yield curve for investors [EigenLayer_WhitePaper.pdf,https://utfs.io/f/615817a5-2282-4137-a705-242bdf2e992a-usx3a5.pdf] (26) Liquid staking can be thought of as stacking yield by firstgoing to the core protocol and then the DeFi layer Superfluid staking can be thought of as first goingthrough the DeFi layer before going to the core protocol layer In EigenLayer, there can be severalmodalities of restaking:1 Native restaking [https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq,https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq] (19) There is a clear separation of concerns between the two clients, meaning that both are required for a computer to function as an Ethereum node What is staking and how do I participate? Staking is how node operators participate in proof-of-stake based consensus Staking requires validators to deposit 32 ETH to a smart contract and run validator software connected to their node The validator software broadcasts a vote ("attestation") in favour of checkpoint blocks that it determines to be in the canonical blockchain [https://hackmd.io/@Izzy-/EthereumStakingCodex,https://hackmd.io/@Izzy-/EthereumStakingCodex] (12) This allows users to both participate in staking (i securing the network), as well as use this capital that would otherwise be locked to perform on-chain activities (e lending, yield farming, trading, etc Liquid staking tokens accrue value through mechanisms by which the value of staked ETH + rewards is retrieved from the Consensus Layer (Beacon Chain), and reflected in tokens which reside on the Execution Layer [https://research.lido.fi/t/should-lido-on-ethereum-be-limited-to-some-fixed-of-stake/2225,https://research.lido.fi/t/should-lido-on-ethereum-be-limited-to-some-fixed-of-stake/2225] (46) How could such a depeg happen? The stETH/ETH pool can be moved with high leverage For example you could use Lido to stake ETH for stETH, sell stETH for ETH, and repeat until you are out of capital Breaking the peg doesn’t look profitable today, but that could change if the leverage staking bounty were to grow relative to total liquidity in the run-up to the merge Why is the merge so important for stETH? In Tarun Chitra’s words 4: The premise of stETH yield is that you get: (a) Beacon Chain yield (b) LDO yield While you can realise (b) immediately, (a) only really exists post merge [+ withdrawals] [https://ethereum.org/en/staking/,https://ethereum.org/en/staking/] (0) Skip to main content HOW TO STAKE YOUR ETH Earn rewards while securing Ethereum Staking is a public good for the Ethereum ecosystem Any user with any amount of ETH can help secure the network and earn rewards in the process 26,760,774 TOTAL ETH STAKED 839,326 TOTAL VALIDATORS 3 9% CURRENT APR What is staking? Staking is the act of depositing 32 ETH to activate validator software [EigenLayer_WhitePaper.pdf,https://utfs.io/f/615817a5-2282-4137-a705-242bdf2e992a-usx3a5.pdf] (23) • Liquid Staking Liquid staking services such as Lido [6] and Rocket Pool [7] allow users todeposit their ETH to a staking pool, and receive a liquid staking token (LST) that represents aclaim on their ETH and its staking yield Within the staking pool, the ETH is delegated to oneof many validators who are participating in the consensus protocol LSTs will be redeemable fortheir underlying ETH value after the Shapella upgrade, though redemption will be subject to awaiting period equal to the ETH staking withdrawal period [https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity,https://messari.io/report/the-investors-guide-to-the-merge-understanding-and-playing-the-opportunity] (24) If the underlying currency does become deflationary, stakers also receive a sort of “buyback yield” as there are fewer ether in circulation In PoW, most of the rewards accrue to one or a handful of miners, in PoS the pot is split amongst all staking validators There are many models estimating the yield post-merge but we think the one below is the most accurate Depending on the number of stakers and the level of network activity, yields could range between 7% and 13% --- how does ethereum staking yield is formed?
ETH inflation consists of the increase in the total supply of Ether (ETH) over time. In the context of Ethereum, inflation primarily occurs through two mechanisms: Proof-of-Stake (PoS) reward issuance and the generation of new ETH during each epoch. 1. **Proof-of-Stake Reward Issuance**: In Ethereum's transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus, stakers are responsible for validating transactions and securing the network. As a reward for their participation, stakers receive additional ETH. The inflation rate from PoS reward issuance is a transfer of wealth from ETH holders to stakers. Higher inflation benefits stakers and has a negative impact on ETH holders, while lower inflation benefits holders and affects stakers negatively. 2. **Epoch-based Reward Generation**: Ethereum operates on an epoch system, with each epoch typically lasting around 6.4 minutes. At the end of each epoch, new ETH is generated and added to the balances of all validators for that epoch. The block proposers, who are responsible for producing blocks within the epoch, receive the largest portion of the newly generated ETH. The transaction fees paid in ETH are also distributed to the validators. It's worth noting that the inflation rate of ETH can vary over time based on market demand, economic factors, and network activity. In the long term, it is anticipated that an economic equilibrium for ether will be established, with a target inflation rate of around 0-2% and a stable demand for transactions, which will help maintain a stable value for ETH [5]. Ask more: - How does the PoS reward issuance work in Ethereum? - What is the significance of the transition from PoW to PoS for ETH inflation? - How are validators selected in the Ethereum PoS system? References: 1. [The Shifting Tides of Ether Economics](https://polynya.medium.com/the-shifting-tides-of-ether-economics-351a84897f1c) 2. [State of L1s Q1 2023](https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q1-2023) 3. [State of L1s Q2 2023](https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q2-2023) 4. [What is Ether (ETH)?](https://ethereum.org/en/eth/) 5. [Wikipedia - Ethereum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum#CITEREFTapscottTapscott2016)
ETH inflation consists of the increase in the total supply of Ether (ETH) over time. In the context of Ethereum, inflation primarily occurs through two mechanisms: Proof-of-Stake (PoS) reward issuance and the generation of new ETH during each epoch. 1. **Proof-of-Stake Reward Issuance**: In Ethereum's transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus, stakers are responsible for validating transactions and securing the network. As a reward for their participation, stakers receive additional ETH. The inflation rate from PoS reward issuance is a transfer of wealth from ETH holders to stakers. Higher inflation benefits stakers and has a negative impact on ETH holders, while lower inflation benefits holders and affects stakers negatively. 2. **Epoch-based Reward Generation**: Ethereum operates on an epoch system, with each epoch typically lasting around 6.4 minutes. At the end of each epoch, new ETH is generated and added to the balances of all validators for that epoch. The block proposers, who are responsible for producing blocks within the epoch, receive the largest portion of the newly generated ETH. The transaction fees paid in ETH are also distributed to the validators. It's worth noting that the inflation rate of ETH can vary over time based on market demand, economic factors, and network activity. In the long term, it is anticipated that an economic equilibrium for ether will be established, with a target inflation rate of around 0-2% and a stable demand for transactions, which will help maintain a stable value for ETH [5]. Ask more: - How does the PoS reward issuance work in Ethereum? - What is the significance of the transition from PoW to PoS for ETH inflation? - How are validators selected in the Ethereum PoS system? References: 1. [The Shifting Tides of Ether Economics](https://polynya.medium.com/the-shifting-tides-of-ether-economics-351a84897f1c) 2. [State of L1s Q1 2023](https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q1-2023) 3. [State of L1s Q2 2023](https://messari.io/report/state-of-l1s-q2-2023) 4. [What is Ether (ETH)?](https://ethereum.org/en/eth/) 5. [Wikipedia - Ethereum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum#CITEREFTapscottTapscott2016)
The latest information about Ethereum can be found on the official Ethereum website. The website provides a comprehensive overview of Ethereum, including its features, use cases, and community resources[1]. You can also find information about Ethereum's history, including major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain, on the same website[2]. Additionally, the website offers information on upcoming protocol upgrades on the Ethereum roadmap[2]. Ask more: - What are some notable milestones in the history of Ethereum? - How does Ethereum differ from other cryptocurrencies? - Can you explain the concept of smart contracts in Ethereum? References: 1. [Ethereum Official webpage](http://www.org/en/latest/introduction/what-is-ethereum) 2. [Ethereum History](https://ethereum.org/en/history/)
The Ethereum Proof of Stake (PoS) protocol is a consensus mechanism used in the Ethereum network to achieve agreement on the state of the blockchain. I can provide an explanation based on the information provided by Sreeram Kannan and Vitalik Buterin. According to Sreeram Kannan, the Ethereum PoS protocol is considered a significant innovation within the context of blockchain technology. It introduces a chain-based PoS mechanism that aims to address questions and challenges surrounding the design of the Ethereum chain. The protocol undergoes a sequence of rounds (r) for initialization [Reparo Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains.pdf]. Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, has contributed extensively to the development of the Ethereum protocol. In a paper from 2014 titled "Ethereum: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform," Buterin outlines the concepts and principles behind Ethereum's design, including the PoS mechanism [ZETH On Integrating Zerocash on Ethereum.pdf]. The Ethereum PoS protocol involves an integration of consensus algorithms such as Algorand or OuroborosPraos. These consensus algorithms serve as the underlying framework for the PoS mechanism and can be parameterized by a specific policy (P) [Reparo Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains.pdf]. While I couldn't find specific details on the inner workings of the Ethereum PoS protocol from the provided material, it's important to note that the protocol aims to ensure the security, trustworthiness, and decentralization of the Ethereum network. PoS protocols typically involve participants, referred to as validators, locking up a certain amount of cryptocurrency (staking) to become eligible for block validation and consensus. Ask more: - How does staking work in the Ethereum PoS protocol? - What are the benefits of the Ethereum PoS protocol compared to the previous Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism? - Are there any challenges or limitations associated with the Ethereum PoS protocol? References: 1. [Reparo Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/79478ac7-dae1-4520-b285-0eb6aa65f26a-d7v33k.pdf) 2. [ZETH On Integrating Zerocash on Ethereum.pdf](https://utfs.io/f/4eebe133-99b3-4c93-a907-62a1e1c5aad6-nxaa79.pdf)
